Lower abdominal twitching female - It can affect both the top and bottom eyelids for a few hours at a time. You may experience the twitching for several days in a row. Triggers for this condition can include: stress or anxiety. not ...

 
Dehydration. Electrolyte imbalance (having too many or too few salts and minerals like potassium, magnesium and calcium, in your body). Stress. Too much high-intensity exercise. Possible causes for nocturnal leg cramps (leg cramps at night), specifically, include: Sitting for long periods of time.. Mini frag synthes inventory

2. Hernias (inguinal, femoral, pelvic, etc.). Hernia of the lower abdomen and pelvis may cause lower abdominal pain when you cough. The most common type is inguinal hernias. A hernia occurs when the internal abdominal organ (commonly the intestine) pushes through a weakness in the abdominal wall muscles.People may feel a pulse in their abdominal aorta, a large artery that runs through the stomach area. People may feel pulsing in the stomach during pregnancy or when pressing on the abdomen. It can ...Dec 12, 2022 · Inflammation in your appendix ( appendicitis) is a common cause of lower abdominal pain. An inflamed appendix can also burst, spreading infection to your peritoneum ( peritonitis ). You may also have lower abdominal pain on one side if you have a condition affecting one ovary or one kidney. A growth, such as a tumor or a cyst, may occur in one ... There are several symptoms typically associated with this type of pelvic floor dysfunction. Some of the most common pelvic floor spasm symptoms include: Ongoing pain or discomfort in the pelvic region that can spread to the lower back and abdomen. Pain during urination, often a burning sensation. Difficulty urinating or a slow urination stream.The abdomen could be described as the area between the lower ribs and the pubic bone. This part of the body contains your intestines, bladder and the female reproductive organs. In fact, women may refer to lower abdominal pain as "pelvic pain.". Lower abdominal pain often is defined as any type of pain that occurs below the level of your ...Takeaway. Pain on the right side of your abdomen may be caused by hernia, gas, appendicitis, kidney issues, reproductive system issues, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and indigestion. This video ...Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. Usually a virus like the norovirus or rotavirus causes gastroenteritis, but bacteria, parasites, and chemicals can ...How the spasm feels depends on its cause, the severity, and any other health issues a person has. Some symptoms of a colon spasm may include: stomach pain. cramps. bloating and gas. diarrhea ...Jul 17, 2023 · A back spasm is an involuntary contraction of the back muscles. Moving in a certain way may trigger a back spasm. More often than not, spasms happen because of muscle weakness, overuse, or injury. A back spasm may last for several hours to several days. Chronic back spasms may be the result of an underlying condition. Sometimes abdominal spasms are due to acute disorders of the intestines, such as bowel obstruction, perforation, or diverticulitis. This is because the colon and small intestine are the predominant organs in the lower abdomen. Other causes coming from organs within the abdomen include gallstones, hernia, and ruptured abdominal aortic …Lab Tests. One way to diagnose a health problem is to analyze substances in your body. This may mean drawing blood, taking a stool sample, or collecting a sample of saliva, among other options. Blood tests and urine tests are among the most common tests for abdominal pain. Depending on the results, you may need further tests.Gastritis is a condition characterized by an inflammation of the lining of the stomach resulting in nausea, vomiting, pain in the upper part of the stomach sometimes rating to lower areas of the abdomen. Causes. Excessive intake of alcohol, spicy food. Intake of uncooked meat, food, and fruit. Food poisoning.For some people, a herniated lumbar disc can cause chronic pain near the hip bone and in the lower back. 11. Other symptoms of a herniated disc above the hip bone are: 12. Persistent back pain or back pain that comes and goes. Numbness or tingling in the lower leg or foot. Changes in bowel habits or bladder function.The way a person experiences a diaphragm spasm can vary widely. They may experience: chest pain or tightness. difficulty breathing. abdominal pain. heart palpitations. Depending on the cause of ...Related: The Signs Of Ovarian Cancer EVERY Woman Should Know About. If your muscle spasms are accompanied by nausea, fever, and vomiting, there's a chance that something else is going on. Danesh ...Key takeaways. Right-side abdominal pain is a common symptom that may be caused by appendicitis, gallbladder issues, kidney issues, reproductive issues, or gastrointestinal issues. Abdominal pain on the right side generally does not require treatment unless the pain is severe, chronic, or progressive. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.A common symptom of pancreatic cancer is a dull pain in the upper abdomen (belly) and/or middle or upper back that comes and goes. This is probably caused by a tumor that has formed in the body or tail of the pancreas because it can press on the spine. Some patients describe pain starting in the middle abdomen and radiating into the back.Abdominal (stomach) pain is often the first symptom of appendicitis. The pain usually starts around the belly button and moves to the lower right abdomen, where the appendix is located.2. Hernias (inguinal, femoral, pelvic, etc.). Hernia of the lower abdomen and pelvis may cause lower abdominal pain when you cough. The most common type is inguinal hernias. A hernia occurs when the internal abdominal organ (commonly the intestine) pushes through a weakness in the abdominal wall muscles.Feeling pain in your lower abdomen or feeling like your stomach is hard, swollen, or heavy are not early signs of pregnancy. To the touch, a person's stomach and abdomen will not show any noticeable signs of pregnancy until later on, depending on your specific body type. So, a self-examination of your stomach is not going to lead to anything ...Pregnancy - Pregnancy is a common phenomenon in which a mother can feel sensations or pain in the lower abdomen, but it is quite normal. Baby's movement or kicks, stretches, or turning could cause a pulling sensation. Menstrual Cycle - Some women feel pain (menstrual cramps) in the lower abdomen during their menstrual cycle.Stomach cancer begins when abnormal cells begin to grow in the cells of tissues lining or surrounding your stomach. Your stomach is located on the left side of your body in your up...A Verified Doctor answered. 40 years experience. Yes: Anxiety whether transient or as a chronic disorder is a successful mimic of a multitude of physiologic reactions; muscle twitching is just one of the ... Read More. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone.Takeaway. Pain on the right side of your abdomen may be caused by hernia, gas, appendicitis, kidney issues, reproductive system issues, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and indigestion. This video ...7. Infectious colitis. Colitis can cause abdominal cramping due to irritation and inflammation of the colon, which causes it to spasm. Some bacteria that can cause colitis include Clostridium ...There are many different reasons due to which women may experience fluttering and twitching in their lower "stomach" (the lower abdominal area, closer to the uterus). The most common reason for this symptom, however, is pregnancy. If this is ruled out with a pregnancy test, then many other possibilities come into play.Cramps after sex are more common in women than men. For women, some possible causes of cramps after sex include: Deep penetration. Deep penetration, especially against the cervix, can cause ...Whereas in the case of women, it is the reverse, that is, twitching of their left side can bring good news and twitching of right side can get bad news. 2. The movement on the forehead indicates material pleasures, while the twitching of the parts around the temple indicates wealth.Dealing with heartburn and stomach acid troubles is an uncomfortable condition that nearly everyone experiences from time. For some people, it’s a sign of gastroesophageal reflux d...A spasm is when your muscles suddenly and against your will. They may painfully twinge, seize or contract. The muscles in your upper, middle and lower back are divided into three types: intrinsic/deep muscles, superficial muscles and intermediate muscles. Lower back spasms are more common, but any muscle can contract.Symptoms of proctalgia fugax. The symptoms of proctalgia fugax are: muscle spasms in or around the lower rectum area or in or around the canal of the anus. pain that happens suddenly and usually ...Stomach churning is a feeling of discomfort in a person's abdominal area. A person may feel uneasy and experience the following gastrointestinal symptoms in their abdomen: tightness. pain or ...There are many different reasons due to which women may experience fluttering and twitching in their lower "stomach" (the lower abdominal area, closer to the uterus). The most common reason for this symptom, however, is pregnancy. If this is ruled out with a pregnancy test, then many other possibilities come into play.There are many different reasons due to which women may experience fluttering and twitching in their lower "stomach" (the lower abdominal area, closer to the uterus). The most common reason for this symptom, however, is pregnancy. If this is ruled out with a pregnancy test, then many other possibilities come into play.Abdominal pain - A discomfort that you feel in your belly area. Learn more about types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment & home remedies.Here, we demonstrate a case report of irinotecan-induced muscle twitching and the successful treatment of muscle twitching by benzodiazepine. Case Report A 24-year-old female admitted to the emergency department due to acute left lower quadrant pain, her abdominal computed tomography image revealed a descending colon tumor with perforation that ...Groin pain in females is most often caused by muscle strain. However, many other possible causes, include urinary tract infections, ovarian cysts, appendicitis, kidney stones, and osteoarthritis (OA). Groin pain can also be related to pregnancy. This article discusses 14 common causes of female groin pain and how each is treated.You could have experienced some harmless involuntary muscle twitching in the lower abdomen. Tubal ligation reportedly has a pregnancy prevention success rate of 99% during the first year. But then, there is still the other 1% to worry about.Bladder spasms occur when the detrusor muscle contracts spontaneously and often when the bladder is not significantly filled. When this happens, it can cause: Convulsive cramping in the lower abdomen, ranging from mild to severe. Pressure and/or burning in the urethra.Charday Penn/Getty Images. Pelvic pain is pain that occurs anywhere within the lower portion of the trunk, between the bellybutton and the thighs. The pain can be …There are many different reasons due to which women may experience fluttering and twitching in their lower "stomach" (the lower abdominal area, closer to the uterus). The most common reason for this symptom, however, is pregnancy. If this is ruled out with a pregnancy test, then many other possibilities come into play.The colon spasm is a symptom. It's a momentary tightening of the muscles of the gut that causes pain. This may be due to underlying causes, both benign and dangerous. The intensity of colon spasms may vary from person to person; however, the most common symptoms observed noticed are: Severe abdominal pain in the lower half of the abdomen, which ...Proximal tenderness may result from vascular spasm or from unnatural traction on the nerve trunk against the point of entrapment. In ACNES, all these mechanisms can be at work. ... women may attribute any abdominal complaint to an ovarian disorder until a different cause of pain is shown. ... (usually in the lower abdomen), or more than one ...Lower back and stomach pain is an unpleasant and worrying experience for any person. Because there are a number of organs in the abdominal and lower back area, there are many different reasons for having pain there. Pain in the stomach and lower back can be caused by constipation, stones in the kidney or gallbladder, or a cyst.Less often, fasciculation is a symptom of peripheral neuropathy, which can result from diabetes, HIV, injury, or chemotherapy.In rare instances, the underlying problem is a motor neuron disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or, as it is called in Commonwealth countries, MND).In motor neuron disease, the muscles are "twitchier," that is the contractions come much more quickly, and ...A spasm is when your muscles suddenly and against your will. They may painfully twinge, seize or contract. The muscles in your upper, middle and lower back are divided into three types: intrinsic/deep muscles, superficial muscles and intermediate muscles. Lower back spasms are more common, but any muscle can contract.April 7, 2022. The pain is similar, but hernias often create a telltale lump beneath the skin. If you're an active person, you may attribute pain in the lower abdomen or groin to a muscle strain, especially if you experienced that kind of injury when you were younger. Once you're older, it's more likely that groin pain is the result of a ...3. Change in your bathroom habits. About 20% of people with ovarian cancer notice constipation, diarrhea, or other bowel pattern changes. Ovarian cancer can also result in a need for more frequent ...If you ovulate early in your cycle, then it is possible for a pregnancy test to show positive a few days before your missed period. Or you can use an early predictor test. Oh My Mama Body recommends First Response or Clear Blue which you can use as early as 6 days before a missed period. Follow the links and get them ordered now so that you ...Sharp abdominal pain could be from gas, which can be surprisingly painful, but it also may be a sign of appendicitis, gallstones, a blockage in your intestines, kidney stones, pancreatitis, or other serious issues. If it doesn't go way and you have other symptoms, call your doctor or go to the ER. Language: English.Takeaway. Pain on the right side of your abdomen may be caused by hernia, gas, appendicitis, kidney issues, reproductive system issues, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and indigestion. This video ...Some of the more serious causes of pain in the lower right abdomen near the hip bone may require surgery or long-term medical treatment. 8. Appendicitis. Your appendix is a small finger-like pouch ...In females. In males. FAQ. Takeaway. Diverticulitis, hernias, endometriosis, and testicular torsion are just a few possible causes of lower abdominal pain. Get …Feeling movement in the lower abdomen could be due to various reasons such as muscle contractions, gas, or digestive activity. ... affecting an estimated 27% of men and 3% of women at some point ...A Verified Doctor answered. Family Medicine 49 years experience. Fasciculations: or twitching muscles are due to multiple causes: stress, tension, anxiety, low electrolytes, low calcium, magnesium, zinc or underlying metabolic or ... Read More. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone.Kidney pain can occur on either or both sides of the spine, below the ribs. Some people may also experience pain in the lower groin. Pain in the kidneys may be an indication that something is ...Symptoms of menstrual cramps include: Throbbing or cramping pain in your lower abdomen that can be intense. Pain that starts 1 to 3 days before your period, peaks 24 hours after the onset of your period and subsides in 2 to 3 days. Dull, continuous ache. Pain that radiates to your lower back and thighs. Some women also have: Nausea. Loose stools.There are many different reasons due to which women may experience fluttering and twitching in their lower "stomach" (the lower abdominal area, closer to the uterus). The most common reason for this symptom, however, is pregnancy. If this is ruled out with a pregnancy test, then many other possibilities come into play.A pulled abdominal muscle may also result in a hernia and you might notice a new bulge in your stomach. Dr. William Blahd on WebMD says that pulled muscles can also cause bruising, weakness in the muscle, and muscle pain when resting. 3 There are also many other reasons why women suffer from lower abdominal pain. Causes of …Intestinal spasms are often associated as a sign or symptom of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional digestive disorder, which means that the digestive tract appears undamaged, but it still causes symptoms. It affects 10 to 15 percent of people worldwide, making it the most common functional digestive disorder.If you ovulate early in your cycle, then it is possible for a pregnancy test to show positive a few days before your missed period. Or you can use an early predictor test. Oh My Mama Body recommends First Response or Clear Blue which you can use as early as 6 days before a missed period. Follow the links and get them ordered now so that you ...The most common early sign of appendicitis is abdominal pain that begins at the belly button, then moves to the lower-right side of your belly. You may also have nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, bloating, fever, loss of appetite, and trouble passing gas. Recognizing the early signs of appendicitis and getting medical care as …Abdominal pain. Spasms can be painful, especially if they are severe. Constipation. Spasms may cause your colon to retain stool instead of moving it forward. Bloated stomach. This can be a result of constipation and gas, or it may be a parallel symptom related to the same cause as your spasms. Sudden urge to poop.Symptoms. In both sexes, urethral syndrome can cause: lower abdominal pain. a feeling of pressure in the abdomen. a sense of urgency to urinate. more frequent urination. trouble urinating. pain ...Lower back pain is most often caused by damage to the soft tissues in the lumbar spine. Lower left back pain is typically caused by either of the following sources: Most cases of lower back pain stem from minor injuries, such as a strained lower back muscle or ligament. While a muscle strain is minor and will heal within a few days or weeks ...Pancreatitis is inflammation in the pancreas. One of its symptoms is abdominal pain that radiates to the back. It can be caused by bile stones, alcohol, or infection. The pain with pancreatitis is worse during and after eating. Other symptoms of pancreatitis include nausea, vomiting, and fever.Abdominal pain is one of the most common complaints in childhood and one that frequently requires urgent evaluation in the office or emergency department. The cause is typically a self-limited condition, such as constipation, gastroenteritis, viral syndrome, or functional abdominal pain [ 1-3 ]. The challenge for the clinician is to identify ...The cause of sharp pain in the lower left abdomen as a female could be due to a variety of conditions, including ovarian cysts, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, urinary tract infections, appendicitis, or diverticulitis. It is important to seek medical advice to determine the exact cause of the pain.First steps to consider. If you have the most common causes of stomach spasms—heartburn or peptic ulcers—it can usually be treated with OTC antacids. You should also try to avoid foods that make your symptoms worse, like greasy, spicy, high-fat foods, alcohol, and coffee. Get stomach spasms treatment today. 2.Stomach pain and dizziness have a wide range of potential causes. Many, such as hangovers and mild dehydration, are treatable at home. Staying hydrated, resting, and using heat therapy can help ...Dec 12, 2022 · Inflammation in your appendix ( appendicitis) is a common cause of lower abdominal pain. An inflamed appendix can also burst, spreading infection to your peritoneum ( peritonitis ). You may also have lower abdominal pain on one side if you have a condition affecting one ovary or one kidney. A growth, such as a tumor or a cyst, may occur in one ... The term "twinges" is used to by women to describe fluttering in the lower abdomen around the ovaries and uterus. Twinges or fluttering sensations are very common and totally normal. This is one of the very early signs of pregnancy which is seen between 6 to 12 days after ovulation.The way a person experiences a diaphragm spasm can vary widely. They may experience: chest pain or tightness. difficulty breathing. abdominal pain. heart palpitations. Depending on the cause of ...Summary. Lower abdominal or pelvic pain in females can result from a variety of different conditions that affect the female reproductive organs. These include menstrual cramps, pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, preterm labor, endometriosis, and more.Posted May 27, 2019. I just read an article that stated that there's a main artery that goes straight down from the heart to the very low abdomen. It will flush blood fast after a large meal, when your pregnant as to pump blood to fetus and in some rare cases it's an aortic anurism. The last is obviously quite scary.Takeaway. Epigastric pain refers to pain or discomfort below the ribs in your upper abdomen area. Causes range from acute digestive issues like acid reflux to chronic conditions, such as ...Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. Usually a virus like the norovirus or rotavirus causes gastroenteritis, but bacteria, parasites, and chemicals can ...There are many different reasons due to which women may experience fluttering and twitching in their lower "stomach" (the lower abdominal area, closer to the uterus). The most common reason for this symptom, however, is pregnancy. If this is ruled out with a pregnancy test, then many other possibilities come into play.Some relatively harmless, or benign, causes include: consumption of high fat foods. swallowing too much air. stress. In some cases, LAP and bloating can occur as a result of an underlying medical ...Fore Head Twitching Meanings: Twitching of the right half of the head shows acquire in the land, properties benefit and so on It implies you will ascend through your scholarly thoughts. Twitching of the left half of the brow demonstrates gain, benefits, and achievement however the endeavors will prove to be fruitful somewhat late.Eye twitching may be linked to caffeine, stress, alcohol or fatigue, according to WebMD. The twitching is the result of an involuntary movement in the eyelid, occurring as often as...Appendicitis. When the pain is specific to the lower right abdomen, appendicitis is one of the most common causes. The appendix is a tube-like structure attached to the large intestines ...constant twitching of lower lip lower abdominal spasms Twitching of toes to left foot. head twitching abdominal twitching and jiggling between navel and lower rib Uterus and lower stomach twitching, possible pregnancy signs? CONSTANT lower left eye twitching!!! Twitching in feet arches Pregnancy after removal of ovary Bicep twitching Muscle ...Common Causes. Other Causes. When to Seek Medical Care. Relief. Prevention. Stomach cramps can affect anyone and often result from gas, indigestion, constipation, or muscle contractions. Mild stomach cramps typically resolve on their own. However, you should contact a healthcare provider for severe and persistent abdominal …Symptoms of proctalgia fugax. The symptoms of proctalgia fugax are: muscle spasms in or around the lower rectum area or in or around the canal of the anus. pain that happens suddenly and usually ...That feeling is often the sensation of the gas in the intestines 'rattling along the pipes". It's a gas bubble working its way along the intestine/colon navigating around the other material in the gut. It can feel like the intestine itself is fluttering but it's usually just the movement of gas. Usually. Obviously this is not a diagnosis or ...abdominal twitching and jiggling between navel and lower rib temple twitching My whole body is twitching Visible lower right eyelid twitching Nose twitching, pulsing, possible causes Stomach/ uterus twitching Kicking Sensation in my stomach - Not pregnant My Stomach is pulsing twitching. lower left abdomen twitch Body twitching and scaring …Home remedies for immediate relief of Abdominal muscle spasm: This are the some preventive ways to cure abdominal spasm: Abdominal muscles stretching: Types of abs stretch, 1.Cobra Pose abdominal stretch: 2.Cat-Cow Stretch: 3.Seated side-straddle stretch: 4.Chest opener on an exercise ball: 5.Ab Side Stretch:Symptoms. The symptoms of urethral syndrome can include: needing to urinate more often than usual. pain during urination. sudden urges to urinate. the bladder not feeling empty after urinating ...Lower back and stomach pain is an unpleasant and worrying experience for any person. Because there are a number of organs in the abdominal and lower back area, there are many different reasons for having pain there. Pain in the stomach and lower back can be caused by constipation, stones in the kidney or gallbladder, or a cyst.

Home remedies for immediate relief of Abdominal muscle spasm: This are the some preventive ways to cure abdominal spasm: Abdominal muscles stretching: Types of abs stretch, 1.Cobra Pose abdominal stretch: 2.Cat-Cow Stretch: 3.Seated side-straddle stretch: 4.Chest opener on an exercise ball: 5.Ab Side Stretch:. Truist morgantown pa

lower abdominal twitching female

Giving your abdominal muscles a rest from certain activities can lower your chances of pulling a stomach muscle. You can also: Ask for help when lifting heavy items. Try Pilates, yoga or other exercises to regularly stretch the abdominal muscles. Strengthen abdominal exercises by doing planks and other exercises that work the core muscles.Feb 18, 2023 · Back pain is more common with age, starting around age 30 or 40. Lack of exercise. Weak, unused muscles in the back and abdomen might lead to back pain. Excess weight. Excess body weight puts extra stress on the back. Diseases. Some types of arthritis and cancer can contribute to back pain. In general, symptoms of an abdominal strain can include: Tenderness and swelling. Sharp pain. Weakness in the abdominal muscles. Bruising. Muscle spasms. Stiffness and inability to stretch the muscles. Understanding the causes of and relief for abdominal spasms or strains can help you get past them more easily.pulse near your bellybutton. back pain. No one's sure what causes this to happen, but certain things seem to increase your risk, including: smoking or tobacco use. blood vessel diseases, such as ...Torsion of the testicle (testis) causes severe pain in the scrotum and severe lower quadrant pain, usually on one side. It most commonly affects teenage boys but young adult men can be affected. It is unusual over the age of 25 years but can affect any man at any age. The testicle is very tender.Intestinal spasms are often associated as a sign or symptom of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional digestive disorder, which means that the digestive tract appears undamaged, but it still causes symptoms. It affects 10 to 15 percent of people worldwide, making it the most common functional digestive disorder.There are many different reasons due to which women may experience fluttering and twitching in their lower "stomach" (the lower abdominal area, closer to the uterus). The most common reason for this symptom, however, is pregnancy. If this is ruled out with a pregnancy test, then many other possibilities come into play.pulse near your bellybutton. back pain. No one's sure what causes this to happen, but certain things seem to increase your risk, including: smoking or tobacco use. blood vessel diseases, such as ...There are many different reasons due to which women may experience fluttering and twitching in their lower "stomach" (the lower abdominal area, closer to the uterus). The most common reason for this symptom, however, is pregnancy. If this is ruled out with a pregnancy test, then many other possibilities come into play.Jul 18, 2020 · Upper Abdominal area twitching abdominal twitching and jiggling between navel and lower rib Stomach twitching and gurgling after meal Stomach Twitching wont stop My stomach is pulsing and twitching. My Stomach is pulsing twitching. Constant twitching in my stomach, left side just below the b lower right abdominal (almost ovary/uterus) twitching Peptic Ulcer. Bowel Obstruction. Diverticulosis. Heart Attack. Pneumonia. Pulmonary Embolism. Trauma. Upper abdominal pain has many causes from indigestion and heartburn to gallstones or a liver abscess. Much of the time, the pain is temporary and resolves on its own.In the study, women with surgically treated endometriosis who were generally taking hormones to suppress menses, but who continued to experience pain and had pelvic floor muscle spasm, initially received injections of botulinum toxin or saline as part of a placebo-controlled clinical trial, targeting areas of spasm. ... These findings suggest ...There are many different reasons due to which women may experience fluttering and twitching in their lower "stomach" (the lower abdominal area, closer to the uterus). The most common reason for this symptom, however, is pregnancy. If this is ruled out with a pregnancy test, then many other possibilities come into play..

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